In Chinese schools, students learn that the US became a great nation partly by stealing technology from Britain. In the halls of government, officials speak of the need to inspire innovation by protecting inventions. In boardrooms, executives strategise about using infringement laws to take down foreign rivals.
China is often portrayed as a land of fake gadgets and pirated software, where intellectual property like patents, trademarks and copyrights are routinely ignored. The reality is more complex. China takes conflicting positions on intellectual property, ignoring it in some cases while upholding it in others. Underlying those contradictions is a long-held view of intellectual property not as a rigid legal principle but as a tool to meet the country's goals.
Those goals are getting more ambitious. China is gathering know-how in industries of the future such as microchips and electric cars, often by pushing foreign companies attracted by the country’s vast market into sharing their technology. It is also toughening enforcement of patents and trademarks for a day when it can become a leader in those technologies – and use intellectual property protections to defend its position against rival economies.
President Xi Jinping is in the midst of an effort to strengthen laws on patents, copyrights and trademarks, giving fledgling firms in China new sources of revenue and prestige. The country is also pursuing an ambitious plan, called Made in China 2025, to become a global leader in areas such as robotics and medical technology and kick off the next phase of China’s development. The efforts reflect the view of Chinese officials that controlling global technologies and standards is on par with building military muscle.
‘Spear and shield’
Zhang Ping, a scholar of trade law at Peking University in Beijing, said the West had long used intellectual property laws as a "spear and shield" against Chinese companies, hurting their profits at home and blocking access to foreign markets. Now, she said, it is time for China to fight back.
“If you want to enter our market to co-operate, it’s fine,” Zhang said, “but you can’t grab us by the neck and not let us grow.” Trademarks and patents protect companies and inventors, compensating them for their time, ideas and investment. While poorer countries have throughout history worked to obtain inventions from wealthier nations, sometimes running afoul of intellectual property laws, China has rewritten the playbook for acquiring advanced technology.
Since Deng Xiaoping, as leader, opened the Chinese economy to the outside world nearly four decades ago, the country has made it a priority to obtain ideas and inspiration from overseas. Sometimes it has reverse-engineered what it wants. US officials say that Chinese companies have also carried out extensive economic espionage through cyberattacks and other means. (Chinese officials have denied those charges.) More recently, China has used its growing wealth to buy into cutting-edge technologies, such as genetically modified crops and the latest innovations from US start-ups, and to attract promising talent.
But since those early days, China has relied heavily on one tried-and-true method: forming joint ventures with foreign partners. Big-name companies like IBM and Qualcomm are required to share advanced technology and research with domestic firms in order to set up shop in China. And to entice partners, the country offers access to its enormous market and hundreds of millions of consumers.
Joint ventures
Joint ventures helped China build whole industries from scratch. After using them to explore high-speed rail technology, Chinese firms now dominate the global industry. Chinese experts say those moves are simply smart deal-making, not violations of intellectual property laws, allowing the country to harness its leverage as the world's second-largest economy to win practical knowledge. But now China's efforts are moving beyond routine manufacturing into cutting-edge technologies – and the Trump administration has denounced the arrangements as coercive. In April, the office of the US trade representative accused China of "widespread infringing activity", including stealing trade secrets, tolerating rampant online piracy and exporting counterfeit goods. On Monday, President Donald Trump announced the opening salvo in what could become a far-reaching investigation into Chinese trade practices.
Li Jian, a vice-president of Beijing East IP, a Chinese law firm, said mainland companies increasingly saw strong intellectual property protections as a tool to help protect inventions and earn royalties overseas. "Many Chinese companies have realised that, through patent protection, they can gain an advantage in the market," Li said. "They have more faith now in the Chinese government to protect their intellectual property." The rules have also benefited some foreign firms. New Balance won a landmark case this year against a Chinese company that used its signature slanting "N" logo. China's highest court last year gave Michael Jordan the rights to Chinese characters of his name.
Licensing fees
Enforcement is still inconsistent, experts say. Local officials are often reluctant to aid foreign companies, worried about jeopardising tax revenues from home-grown companies. The Made in China 2025 initiative is a key reason the country is improving intellectual property rights. The plan focuses on sectors such as electric cars, robotics, semiconductors and artificial intelligence. By forcing foreign companies to hand over more technology and encouraging local companies to make new products based on that technology, Chinese leaders hope to cement the country’s dominance in critical fields. They also see an opportunity to dictate the terms of the future development of technology and extract licensing fees from foreign firms that use Chinese-made technology.
Several trade organisations and governments have said the plan is protectionist. Some have called for reciprocity, arguing that the US should impose on Chinese companies the same restrictions China places on foreign companies. "There is an unmistakable national policy to boost the position of Chinese companies in cutting-edge areas," said William P Alford, a Harvard law professor and an expert on Chinese intellectual property laws. Chinese experts have defended the strategy. "To become an adult, you have to accumulate knowledge," said Zhang, of Peking University. "It's the same for a country." – (New York Times news service)
