A unique conservation effort in Afghanistan has helped bring the elusive snow leopard back from the brink and given hope to one of the poorest and most isolated communities on earth.
The leopards range across the snowy mountains of a dozen countries in Central and South Asia, but their numbers had declined in recent decades as hunters sought their spotted pelts and farmers killed them to protect livestock.
Now they appear to be thriving, thanks to a seven-year programme and a newly declared national park.
Scientists who have been tracking the shy leopards estimate there are up to 140 cats in the Wakhan National Park, established two years ago across one million square hectares (4,200 square miles).
Stephane Ostrowski, a specialist with the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), says that is a healthy and sustainable number, and indicates that other species like the Siberian ibex and golden marmot — the leopards' main prey - are also doing well.
The WCS believes global leopard numbers could be much higher than a previous upper estimate of 7,500, after data gathered by Mr Ostrowski and others showed there could be more than 8,000 in just 44 per cent of the animal’s known range.
The World Wildlife Fund lists the species as "endangered".
The findings are the result of research carried out in one of the most hard-to-reach places on earth.
The Wakhan corridor is nestled high in the Hindu Kush mountain range and cut off by snow for most of the year.
The 15-year-old war with the Taliban rages 30km (18 miles) to the south, and the nearby borders with Tajikistan, Pakistan and China are usually closed.
The United Nations Development Programme funds and oversees all the WCS activities in the Wakhan, and will provide US$3 million (€2.8 million) for the snow leopard project over the next two years.
Mr Ostrowski and the other foreign and Afghan scientists camp in yellow tents in the Sarkand Valley for months on end, monitoring and maintaining a far-flung network of cameras and traps.
Tracking
In just one year, they collected around 5,000 images of 38 individual cats. They managed to capture four leopards — one of them twice — and were able to fit them with collars and track them with GPS. They hope to catch another two by the end of the year.
They have learned that snow leopards range widely. Like house cats, they mark their territory by spraying and scratching the ground, but unlike their distant relatives, they do not mind getting wet.
“These cats can cross big rivers and swim in extremely cold water,” Mr Ostrowski said. One female crossed the Amu Darya river into Tajikistan, stayed a couple of weeks and then returned.
The snow leopards have benefited from conservation programmes going back to 2009, when the WCS began building enclosed corrals with mesh roofs to protect the sheep, goats and cows that are the backbone of the local economy.
It was the first step towards bringing modern conservation techniques to Wakhan, where the population of around 17,000 lives off of subsistence farming.
Menace
In one of the poorest regions of one of the world’s poorest countries, the leopards had long been seen as a menace.
Hassan Beg says he lost 22 sheep and goats in one night a few years ago when a snow leopard got into his uncovered corral.
He has since built his own roof over the enclosure using tree branches. “We can’t kill them,” he said, “so I just make sure it won’t happen again.”
A presidential decree banning all hunting countrywide was issued in 2005, but the scientists recently found a carcass with a bullet in its head.
Some 400 kilometres (250 miles) to the south-west, at a crowded market in the capital Kabul, a shopkeeper discreetly produced a snow leopard pelt with a long cylindrical tail and a face distorted by crude taxidermy. He wanted US$ 1,800 (€1,598) for it.
"We receive reports from all of the provinces where hunting is going on illegally, whether it is because of poverty, whether it is for hobby, whether it is for selling it at a higher price in the market," said Mostapha Zaher, director general of the National Environment Protection Agency.
But back in Wakhan, the conservation efforts appear to be catching on.
At Qala-i-Panja High School, where students say they have never heard of the internet, they have embraced modern notions of wildlife preservation. A snow leopard cub stares down from a poster affixed to the otherwise bare walls.
“Since the ban on hunting was introduced, the numbers of wild animals are increasing here and that is attracting foreign tourists,” said Simah, a 17-year-old who like many Afghans has no surname. “That can be good for the economy of Afghanistan.”
The snow leopard is the national park’s star attraction, even if most visitors are unlikely to see one. But the region also boasts wolves, brown bears, red foxes, and the long-horned Marco Polo sheep — named for the 13th century Italian explorer who spotted one on his journey to the Far East.
Only around 100 visitors reach Wakhan every year, most entering from Tajikistan during the summer months.
Wakhan’s poverty and isolation has insulated it from decades of war, but has also deterred all but the most adventurous travellers.
AP