Before Zhang Gaoli was engulfed in accusations that he had sexually assaulted a tennis champion, he seemed to embody the qualities that the Chinese Communist Party prizes in officials: austere, disciplined, and impeccably loyal to the leader of the day.
He had climbed steadily from running an oil refinery to a succession of leadership posts along China’s fast-growing coast, avoiding the scandals and controversy that felled other, flashily ambitious politicians. He became known, if for anything, for his monotone impersonality. On entering China’s top leadership, he invited people to search for anything amiss in his behaviour.
“Stern, low-key, taciturn,” summed up one of the few profiles of him in the Chinese media. His interests, Xinhua News Agency said, included books, chess and tennis.
Now the allegation from Peng Shuai, the professional tennis player, has cast Zhang’s private life under a blaze of international attention, making him a symbol of a political system that prizes secrecy and control over open accountability. The allegation raises questions about how far Chinese officials carry their declared ideals of clean-living integrity into their heavily guarded homes.
"Zhang epitomised the image of the bland apparatchik that the party has worked hard to cultivate," said Jude Blanchette, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington.
Peng’s account – that Zhang coerced her into sex during a years-long, on-off relationship – has not been corroborated. The Chinese authorities’ vigorous efforts to stifle any mention of the matter suggest there is little chance that Zhang will ever be called to public account, even if that might clear his name. Neither Peng nor Zhang have made any public comment since her post appeared.
“One would have to imagine, sadly, that in an opaque and patriarchal system of unchecked power these sorts of abuses are not uncommon,” Blanchette added.
Weibo post
When Peng (35) posted her accusation on the popular social media platform Weibo on the night of November 2nd, she took readers into the cosseted personal lives of the Communist Party's elite. In Peng's post, addressed to Zhang, she said the two had met more than a decade earlier when her career was taking off and his was nearing its peak. At the time, she wrote, he was the Communist Party chief of Tianjin, a northern port city, and he told her his political position made it impossible for him to divorce his wife.
Zhang dropped contact with her, the post said, after ascending to the Communist Party's highest body, the Politburo Standing Committee, a post he held for five years. During this time, he was entrusted with overseeing China's initial preparations for the 2022 Winter Olympics, which is now being overshadowed by the furore.
About three years ago, after stepping down, Zhang called the head of a tennis academy to summon Peng to play tennis with him at a party-owned hotel in Beijing, called the Kangming, that plays host to retired officials, according to her post.
Later that day, she said, he forced her to have sex in his home. They resumed a relationship, but he insisted it remain furtive. She had to switch cars to be able to enter the government compound where he lives in Beijing, she wrote. He warned her to tell no one, not even her mother.
With rarely a word or hair out of place, Zhang has seemed an unlikely protagonist for a scandal that has rippled around the world. He belongs to a generation of officials who rose after the upheavals of the Cultural Revolution, taking on the self-effacing ethos of collective leadership under Hu Jintao, who preceded the country’s current leader, Xi Jinping.
Fishing village
Zhang, who turned 75 the day before Peng's post appeared, was born in a fishing village in Fujian province. According to official accounts, his father died when he was a child. He began studying economics at Xiamen University in Fujian, but his education was cut short by the Cultural Revolution, when Mao Zedong largely shut down university classes.
In 1970, he was assigned to work at oil fields in southern China, where he first heaved bags of cement, according to official profiles. Within years, he climbed into management. As Deng Xiaoping and other leaders shepherded China into an era of market reforms, Zhang became one of those officials whose economic expertise and smattering of higher education marked them for promotion. He perfected the methodical, button-down manner of a cadre who had submerged his life in the party hierarchy.
He served as the party leader of Shenzhen, the city next to Hong Kong that Deng promoted as a showpiece of China's newfound commercial dynamism. He won the favour of Deng's successor, Jiang Zemin, and by the early 2000s was put in charge of Shandong, a province crowded with ports and factories.
In 2007, he was promoted to oversee Tianjin, the provincial-level port whose fortunes had flagged while other coastal areas boomed. Zhang pushed plans to convert a drab industrial area of Tianjin into a modern business precinct – a “new Manhattan” – that would attract multinationals and wealthy residents.
That project has faltered under debt and inflated expectations, but Zhang moved upward into the central leadership in 2012. He became executive vice-premier: in effect, China’s deputy prime minister.
“I hope that all the party members, officials and members of the public in this city will continue to exercise strict oversight over me,” Zhang said in 2012 as he left Tianjin for Beijing.
Zhang's experience managing big projects made him a safe pair of hands for some of the initiatives that Xi used to make his mark. He negotiated oil deals with Russian president Vladimir Putin and promoted Xi's Belt and Road Initiative.
Zhang oversaw the early preparations for the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. In 2016, he met with Thomas Bach, the president of the International Olympic Committee, as Bach was visiting the city.
It was Bach who on Sunday held a video call with Peng intended to reassure athletes and others worried about her disappearance in the days after her post appeared.
Lurid reports
Earlier in Xi’s term, lurid reports about officials’ sexual misdeeds at times surfaced in state media, disclosures intended to signal that he was serious about purifying the party. Xi’s priority now appears to be fending off any odour of scandal tainting the party’s top echelons.
References to Peng's account were nearly wiped off the internet inside China. A Chinese foreign ministry spokesman, Zhao Lijian, suggested that the attention around Peng had become "malicious hype". Official media have not shown or reported on Zhang since Peng went public; nor have they directly challenged her account.
"Even to deny her allegations would be to give them a level of credence that you couldn't then roll back," said Louisa Lim, a former journalist who long worked in China and the author of The People's Republic of Amnesia.
When Zhang retired in 2018, he dropped from public view, as is the norm in Chinese politics. Retirement often comes with perks like high quality health care, housing and travel within China, but also some monitoring.
"Once you retire, your movements are reported to the party's department of organisation," said Minxin Pei, a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California who studies the party.
In her post, Peng seemed to indicate that she and Zhang had recently had a disagreement, and that he had once again “disappeared” as he did before. She wrote, though, that she expected that her account would have little effect on Zhang’s eminence.
"With your intelligence and wits," she wrote, "I am sure you will either deny it, or blame it on me, or you could simply play it cool." – This article originally appeared in The New York Times
