Indonesia, Poland, Vietnam and other nations have pledged to phase out their use of coal-fired power and to stop building plants, a move that Cop26 climate summit host Britain described as putting the end of the fuel "in sight".
Underpinned by commitments from 20 governments to stop public financing for fossil fuel projects abroad by the end of next year, Britain hopes to deliver one of its main aims for the UN gathering of “consigning coal power to history”.
But the agreement to end domestic use of the most polluting fossil fuel leaves out some of the world’s biggest coal-dependent nations such as Australia, China and India.
Some climate experts said the pledge fell “spectacularly short” of what was needed to tackle climate change by focusing only on coal, an industry that is already entering “terminal decline,” and for not targetting CO2-emitting oil and gas.
“Today I think we can say that the end of coal is in sight,” said Britain’s Cop26 president, Alok Sharma.
He spoke about progress since 2019, saying “who’d have thought back then that today we are able to say that we are choking off international coal financing or that we would see a shift away from domestic coal power”.
Coal is the most polluting fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emissions from burning it are the single biggest contributor to climate change. Weaning the world off coal is considered vital to achieving globally agreed climate targets.
Phase out
Signatories of the Cop26 agreement on Thursday are to shun investments in new coal plants at home and abroad, and phase out coal-fuelled power generation in the 2030s in richer countries, and the 2040s for poorer nations, Britain said. The commitments are not binding, and some of the signatories have said they will not be able to phase out coal without sufficient financial help from other countries.
“We need to have funding to retire coal earlier and to build the new capacity of renewable energy,” Indonesian finance minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati said.
Britain hopes the summit in Glasgow will adopt plans to help move closer to the target of limiting the rise in the average global temperature to 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels and to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.
The International Energy Authority has said net zero emissions pledges and a commitment by leaders at Cop26 to cut methane will push the world close to limiting global warming to below 2 degrees.
The energy watchdog’s chief Fatih Birol said the pledges meant the goals of the 2015 Paris agreement, which aimed to limit the global average temperature rise to well below 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels and make efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees, were in sight.
The IEA this year said that no new fossil fuel projects should be given the go-ahead beyond this year besides those already approved if net zero emissions were to be achieved by 2050.
In 2019, coal produced around 37 per cent of the world’s electricity, the International Energy Agency has said.
Piecemeal initiatives
London has hailed the various deals at the summit in Glasgow, particularly on coal and methane, but it is unclear how the piecemeal initiatives will combine to lower temperature rises.
A spokesman for the Polish government said the country’s commitment would see it end coal use in the 2040s. While climate campaigners called the move a step forward, they said the non-binding pledge would need to be backed up by firm policies.
“Poland must set a clear and concrete plan to phase out coal by 2030 at the latest,” Joanna Flisowska of Greenpeace Poland said.
Others said the deal ignored other fossil fuels.
Murray Worthy, campaign leader at group Global Witness, said the announcement “doesn’t even solve half the problem - emissions from oil and gas already far outstrip coal and are booming, while coal is already entering a terminal decline”.
In a separate deal, the Powering Past Coal Alliance - an international campaign aimed at phasing out the fuel - said it had secured 28 new members, including Ukraine, which pledged to quit the fuel by 2035. Coal produced roughly a third of Ukraine’s power last year.
The global pipeline for new coal power projects has shrivelled, although China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam are among those planning to build new plants.
Indonesia is the world’s fourth-most populous country and eighth biggest emitter of greenhouse gas, with coal making up about 65 per cent of its energy mix. It is also the world’s biggest thermal coal exporter.
The deal’s fine print commits to phasing out coal power generation, but not to ending financing for new plants. – Reuters