JPMorgan Chase is to acquire most of First Republic after US regulators orchestrated an overnight deal to shut the embattled California lender, wiping out its shareholders in the second-biggest bank failure in the country’s history.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and California regulators, which announced the deal early on Monday morning, said they were simultaneously closing the bank and selling off all $93.5 billion (€85.2 billion) of its deposits and most of its assets to JPMorgan.
The Wall Street bank is paying the FDIC $10.6 billion as part of the deal.
The only bigger bank failure in US history was the collapse of Washington Mutual in 2008. While First Republic’s market capitalisation was $25 billion in February, all of its previous shareholders have now been wiped out.
The US treasury said it was “encouraged” that depositors had been protected and that costs to the FDIC’s deposit insurance fund – estimated at about $13 billion – had been minimised by the deal with JPMorgan.
“The banking system remains sound and resilient, and Americans should feel confident in the safety of their deposits,” it added.
The regulators’ move follows weeks of turmoil in the US banking system after the failure of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) in March.
[ SVB’s collapse leaves tech start-ups with major funding holeOpens in new window ]
[ John FitzGerald: Silicon Valley Bank had no excuse for being ‘all in’ on giltsOpens in new window ]
First Republic, which is marginally bigger than SVB, is the third bank to be taken over by the FDIC in less than two months, as rising interest rates have weakened banks that relied on low-cost deposits.
Many midsized banks initially suffered deposit runs and share price collapses after SVB went bust, although most have stabilised in recent weeks. But First Republic revealed last Monday that it had suffered more than $100 billion in outflows. It had $229.1 billion in assets when it was taken over and ranked as the nation’s 14th largest lender at the end of 2022.
Its takeover and sale came after a frantic weekend in which the FDIC invited half a dozen financial companies to review detailed information about First Republic’s assets and deposits. JPMorgan, PNC and Citizens were among the lenders that put in binding offers.
First Republic had been teetering on the brink of failure for nearly two months as deposits fled and its business model of providing cheap mortgages to wealthy customers was squeezed by rising interest rates. Its funding costs also rose rapidly and it racked up large paper losses on its mortgage book and other long-dated assets.
“I fear that delays in closing the bank may have contributed to the FDIC’s costs,” said former FDIC chairwoman Sheila Bair. “For any failing bank, the longer regulators wait to close it, the more good customers and employees leave, eroding franchise value ... On the plus side, as uninsured deposits shrink, it makes it easier for the FDIC to secure bidders for all deposits.”
Silicon Valley Bank: what is the cost of the collapse?
The FDIC’s brief takeover of the bank allowed it to enter into a five-year burden-sharing arrangement with JPMorgan on unrealised losses in First Republic’s loan portfolio due to recent interest rate rises.
JPMorgan is acquiring $173 billion in loans from First Republic, and about $30 billion of securities. It is not assuming the failed lender’s corporate debt or preferred stock.
“Our government invited us and others to step up, and we did,” said JPMorgan’s chief executive Jamie Dimon. “Our financial strength, capabilities and business model allowed us to develop a bid to execute the transaction in a way to minimise costs to the deposit insurance fund.”
JPMorgan will recognise a one-time $2.6 billion gain on the deal but said it expected to spend $2 billion on restructuring costs in the next 18 months. The FDIC is also providing $50 billion of five-year fixed-term financing.
The deal means that all First Republic depositors, including those above the $250,000 insurance limit, retained access to their money when the bank’s 84 outposts in eight states reopened on Monday morning. JPMorgan said it would repay the $25 billion in deposits that 10 other large banks placed with First Republic in a failed effort to stabilise the bank. Its own $5 billion contribution will be eliminated.
JPMorgan said in an investor presentation that the deal “accelerates” and “complements” its wealth management strategy, which has focused on better off rather than super-rich customers. Some First Republic branches will be converted to wealth management centres and the smaller bank’s wealth management platform will become part of JPMorgan Advisors.
Monday’s transaction follows the FDIC’s seizure last month of SVB and Signature Bank, in both of which government authorities invoked a so-called systemic risk exemption. That move allowed the FDIC to guarantee all deposits at the banks to stem contagion. But the immediate sale to JPMorgan does not involve such a step.
As the nation’s largest bank, JPMorgan would ordinarily be barred from acquiring another lender because it controls more than 10 per cent of American deposits. But regulators can waive the cap if necessary. JPMorgan said that all regulatory approvals had been obtained and estimated that the deal would add about $500 million of annual income to its earnings. – Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2023
