So it’s comical, in a way, to see Ryan trying to explain away some recent remarks in which he attributed persistent poverty to a “culture, in our inner cities in particular, of men not working and just generations of men not even thinking about working”.

He was, he says, simply being "inarticulate". How could anyone suggest that it was a racial dog whistle? Why, he even cited the work of serious scholars – people like Charles Murray, most famous for arguing that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Oh, wait.

Dog

whistle
Just to be clear, there's no evidence that Ryan is personally a racist, and his dog

whistle may not even have been deliberate. But it doesn’t matter. He said what he said because that’s the kind of thing conservatives say to each other all the time. And why do they say such things?

Because American conservatism is still, after all these years, largely driven by claims that liberals are taking away your hard-earned money and giving it to “those people”.

Indeed, race is the Rosetta Stone that makes sense of many otherwise incomprehensible aspects of US politics.

We are told, for example, that conservatives are against big government and high spending. Yet, even as Republican governors and state legislatures block the expansion of Medicaid, the GOP angrily denounces modest cost-saving measures for Medicare.

How can this contradiction be explained? Well, what do many Medicaid recipients look like – and I’m talking about the colour of their skin, not the content of their character – and how does that compare with the typical Medicare beneficiary? Mystery solved.

Executive handouts
Or we're told that conservatives, the Tea Party in particular, oppose handouts because they believe in personal responsibility, in a society in which people must bear the consequences of their actions.

Yet it’s hard to find angry Tea Party denunciations of huge Wall Street bailouts, of huge bonuses paid to executives who were saved from disaster by government backing and guarantees.

Instead, all the movement’s passion, starting with Rick Santelli’s famous rant on CNBC, has been directed against any hint of financial relief for low-income borrowers. And what is it about these borrowers that makes them such targets of ire?

You know the answer.

One odd consequence of our still-racialised politics is that conservatives are still, in effect, mobilising against the bums on welfare, even though both the bums and the welfare are long gone or never existed. Santelli’s fury was directed against mortgage relief that never actually happened. Right-wingers rage against tales of food stamp abuse that almost always turn out to be false or at least greatly exaggerated. And Ryan’s black-men-don’t- want-to-work theory of poverty is decades out of date.

In the 1970s, it was still possible to claim in good faith there was plenty of opportunity in America, and that poverty persisted only because of cultural breakdown among African-Americans. Back then, after all, blue-collar jobs still paid well, and unemployment was low.

Limited opportunity
The reality was that opportunity was much more limited than affluent Americans imagined; as the sociologist William Julius Wilson has documented, the flight of industry from urban centres meant that minority workers literally couldn't get to those good jobs, and the supposed cultural causes of poverty were actually effects of that lack of opportunity. Still, you could understand why many observers failed to see this.

But over the past 40 years, good jobs for ordinary workers have disappeared, not just from inner cities but everywhere. Adjusted for inflation, wages have fallen for 60 per cent of working American men. And as economic opportunity has shrivelled for half the population, many behaviours that used to be held up as demonstrations of black cultural breakdown – the breakdown of marriage, drug abuse, and so on – have spread among working-class whites too.

These awkward facts have not, however, penetrated the world of conservative ideology. Earlier this month, the House budget committee, under Ryan's direction, released a 205-page report on the alleged failure of the War on Poverty. What does the report say about the impact of falling real wages? It never mentions the subject at all.

And because conservatives can’t bring themselves to acknowledge the reality of what’s happening to opportunity in America, they’re left with nothing but that old-time dog whistle. Ryan wasn’t being inarticulate – he said what he said because it’s all he’s got.