War took an increasing toll on Afghanistan's civilians in 2013 as fighting intensified between the government and insurgents, the United Nations said in a report today , with total casualties rising 14 per cent.
The gradual withdrawal of foreign troops has left Afghan government forces more vulnerable to attack by insurgents, and the resulting battles helped account for last year’s rise in casualties, according to the report.
“The new trend in 2013 of increased civilian casualties from ground engagements, including the alarming increase in women and children casualties, reflected the changing dynamics of the conflict over the year,” the United Nations said.
Last year was the worst for women and children since 2009, with the number killed or injured by the conflict increasing by more than one-third from 2012.
About 27 per cent of all 2013 casualties stemmed from fighting between the government and insurgents, and most of these could not be attributed to one side.
"This 'fog of war' dynamic reflects the changed nature of the conflict in Afghanistan in 2013 which was increasingly being waged in civilian communities and populated areas," the United Nations said.
The biggest single killer remained improvised explosive devices (IEDs), or bombs, detonated by insurgents in public areas such as markets, roads and government buildings. Bombs accounted for about one-third of the total civilian toll, which the United Nations put at 2,959 deaths and 5,656 injured.
While both sides in the conflict were responsible for the increase in casualties last year, the United Nations attributed about three-quarters of the toll to the Taliban.
“Statements on protecting civilians by the Taliban leadership are not nearly enough to end the killing and injuring of innocent Afghan civilians,” said UN special representative Jan Kubis in a statement.
“What is needed is for the Taliban to stop deliberately attacking civilians and using IEDS indiscriminately.”
‘Impunity’
International forces, who have handed over responsibility for security to the Afghans in preparation for their withdrawal by the end of this year, and say they participate only in joint operations, caused about 3 per cent of casualties, according to the report.
While these make up only a fraction of the total casualties, air strikes causing civilian deaths or injuries are a major source of tension between president Hamid Karzai and the United States.
The UN report said that in 2013, there were 54 aerial operations that resulted in civilian casualties. While this was a 10 per cent drop from the number of such cases in 2012, women and children accounted for nearly half of casualties.
Of the 54 cases, 19 were by unmanned aerial vehicles. The number of civilian victims from these so-called drone strikes more than tripled from 2012, the United Nations said.
The United Nations said there was a sharp increase in incidents perpetrated by a security force known as the Afghan Local Police (ALP), set up in 2010 to operate in remote, insecure areas.
Throughout 2013, the UN mission in Afghanistan “documented incidents where ALP carried out serious human rights violations with impunity which were often enabled by provincial or national level power-brokers”, the report said.
ALP-linked casualties tripled, the United Nations said, and included summary executions, punishments and acts of revenge.
These were conducted with impunity, it appeared, as the United Nations was unable to find any information on prosecutions, suspensions or other action taken despite some 100 cases having been reported to the authorities.
“There are groups that are boasting about killing civilians and making statements how good it is that civilians are being targeted and killed,” Kubis told reporters today.
“These groups should understand this might border on war crimes... And they will be held accountable sooner or later.”
On the positive side, the United Nations said many communities reported that they owed an improvement in security to the police.
Reuters