China's population grew at its slowest since the 1950s as births declined in the last decade, sowing doubt over Beijing's ability to power its economy as it succumbs to the same ageing trends afflicting developed nations such as Japan.
With growth having ebbed since a one-child policy was introduced in the late 1970s, the 2020 results of the country's once-a-decade census on Tuesday showed the population of mainland China increased 5.38 per cent to 1.41 billion. That was the least since modern census-taking began in 1953.
Data showed a fertility rate of 1.3 children per woman for 2020 alone, on par with ageing societies such as Japan and Italy. The shrill alarm for China's policymakers is that the world's second-biggest economy may already be in irreversible population decline without having first accumulated the household wealth of G7 nations.
The number meant China narrowly missed a target it set in 2016 to boost its population to about 1.42 billion by 2020, with a fertility rate of about 1.8. In 2016 China replaced its one-child policy – initially imposed to halt a population explosion at the time – with a two-child limit.
The sharp deterioration in demographics will fuel pressure on Beijing to ramp up incentives to couples to have more children – incentives that have thus far failed to offset the impact of career choices and cost-of-living challenges that couples say have deterred them from starting extended families.
“From the trend of population development in recent years, the population growth will continue to slow in the future,” said Ning Jizhe, head of the National Bureau of Statistics, speaking after the release of the census results.
“China’s population will reach a peak in the future, but the specific time is still uncertain. It is estimated that China’s total population will remain at more than 1.4 billion in the near future,” he said.
Peak in 2030
In recent months, China's state media has been increasingly bleak on the outlook, saying the population may start to shrink in the next few years. The United Nations predicts the number of people living in mainland China will peak in 2030 before declining.
But in late April, the Financial Times newspaper said the population fell in 2020 from a year earlier, citing unidentified people familiar with the matter.
The 2020 number was actually slightly higher than the 1.4005 billion in 2019 estimated in a smaller official survey released in February last year.
One bright spot in the data was an unexpected increase in the proportion of young people – 17.95 per cent of the population was 14 or younger in 2020, compared with 16.6 per cent in 2010.
From 2016 to 2019, the annual birth rate mostly declined with the exception of 2016. Last year, China recorded 12 million births, Mr Ning said, sharply down from 14.65 million in 2019.
“It doesn’t take published census data to determine that China is facing a massive drop in births,” said Huang Wenzheng, a demography expert at the Center for China and Globalization, a Beijing-based think-tank.
Even if China’s population didn’t decline in 2020, the expert said, “it will in 2021 or 2022, or very soon”.
Surging costs
Urban couples, particularly those born after 1990, value their independence and careers more than raising a family despite parental pressure to have children.
Surging living costs in China’s big cities, a huge source of babies due to their large populations, have also deterred couples from having children.
According to a 2005 report by a state think-tank, it cost 490,000 yuan (€63,000) for an ordinary family in China to raise a child. By 2020, local media reported that the cost had risen to as high as 1.99 million yuan (€255,000) – four times the 2005 number.
"Having a kid is a devastating blow to career development for women at my age," said Annie Zhang, a 26-year-old insurance professional in Shanghai who got married in April last year.
“Secondly, the cost of raising a kid is outrageous [in Shanghai],” she said, in comments made before the 2020 census was published. “You bid goodbye to freedom immediately after giving birth.”
As well as adding pressure on China’s working-age population and weighing on productivity, a diminishing pool of working adults will also test China’s ability to pay and care for an ageing nation.
Citizens aged 65 and older accounted for 13.5 per cent of the population in 2020, the data showed, far higher than the 8.87 per cent registered for 2010. – Reuters