Back in March, when social distancing and self-quaranting were still novelties, Airbnb's chief executive, Brian Chesky, hung an oversized print from his company's in-house magazine on a bare wall above his sofa, hoping it would brighten up his home office.
The image, of a rustic cabin set against snowcapped mountains, seemed to signify the monumental task of running a home-sharing website during a deadly pandemic. Or perhaps it signified the absurdity of managing a multinational company via videoconference, appearing before employees, investors and lenders exclusively from the waist up. “I do wear pants,” Chesky says in an interview over Zoom. “I want to be clear.”
Airbnb, which Chesky founded in a much more modest San Francisco living room in 2008, is among the world's most valuable lodging companies. Chesky started Airbnb in the middle of the last global cataclysm. It distinguished itself with an inventory of mostly short-term rentals. (It takes a cut of about 15 per cent.) To homeowners struggling through the US foreclosure crisis, Airbnb offered a way to help cover the next mortgage payment. To would-be travellers who couldn't afford fancy hotels, it played up the character of the rentals its cash-strapped "hosts" were offering. Why stay at a cookie-cutter hotel in a financial district when you could rent a room in a cool-but- gritty neighbourhood in Brooklyn or the Mission and stay a few more days?
I'm betting on the idea that when social distancing is over, people are going to eventually want to connect
Early in the coronavirus crisis, when guests demanded to be let out of their reservations, Chesky hesitated but eventually complied, ordering hosts to distribute refunds. That placated guests but enraged hosts, who complained the new policy would cause them to default on their mortgages. Chesky responded by creating a fund worth $250 million, or about €230 million, to help reimburse them.
Not all hosts were satisfied by the gesture, which gives them a small fraction of what they would have originally made and does nothing to address the underlying issue: how the company will find customers willing to stay in other people’s homes after all this.
Even worse off are the hundreds of thousands of small-time real estate investors who list homes on Airbnb, and the retail and service businesses catering to tourists in Airbnb-heavy neighbourhoods.
Chesky has cut ad spending and says he plans to focus on fewer new projects. But he insists the answer to the company’s troubles isn’t to change its business dramatically. “I’m betting on the idea that when social distancing is over, people are going to eventually want to connect,” he says.
Unfortunately, no one knows how long the crisis will last or how it will change consumers’ behaviour. As the world puts on surgical masks and latex gloves, the corporate sterility of a Courtyard by Marriott or Hilton Garden Inn suddenly seems a lot more appealing than somebody else’s bed. Perhaps, despite Chesky’s upbeat outlook, Airbnb’s moment has ended.
Hotel executives, who themselves are scrambling to deal with the fallout of coronavirus, have taken some comfort in watching Airbnb suffer after a run of wild growth and good press. They’ve long grumbled that the company got too much credit as an innovator, given that short-term home rentals have been a travel industry staple since, well, forever.
Airbnb persuaded hordes of millennials that it would be cool to sleep in a yurt or a treehouse or that the best way to experience Oktoberfest was on a Bavarian local's foldout
Privately, a top executive at a major hotel company has quipped that if you think about it the right way, Jesus Christ was born in an Airbnb, though there’s no record of Him leaving a review.
But the home-sharing business, much more than a chain hotel, depends on strangers trusting strangers. Chesky, a 38- year-old branding whizz who graduated from Rhode Island School of Design alongside one of his cofounders, Joe Gebbia, proved adept at assuring travellers it was safe to stay in someone else’s manger, while making it easy for hosts to be paid for their trouble.
Improbably for a site that initially included air-mattress listings, the company made all of this seem kind of glamorous. It persuaded hordes of millennials that it would be cool to sleep in a yurt or a treehouse or that the best way to experience Oktoberfest was on a Bavarian local’s foldout.
As younger travellers embraced Airbnb, the site attracted lots of design-savvy hustlers who married a feel for interior decorating with an instinct for arbitrage. Before long, entrepreneurs were leasing Manhattan apartments for $4,000, or about €3,700, a month and bringing in twice that amount by listing them on Airbnb a few nights at a time. These microhoteliers used their profits to add more units.
By the middle of the last decade, a new class of professional host was becoming the norm on the site. Nearly two-thirds of Airbnb’s one million US listings come from hosts who manage more than one property, according to AirDNA, which publishes research on short-term rentals.
This development led to a backlash from cities, which saw Airbnb listings as unregulated hotels that were driving up rents by taking apartments off the market. Some local governments banned or limited short-term rentals, starting years-long legal battles that Airbnb is still fighting.
Even so, the company kept adding listings, paying special attention to China, which Chesky saw as a growth market for the company. Today Airbnb has more than seven million listings, according to AirDNA. It set itself apart from other venture-backed startups by turning a profit in 2017 and 2018. Chesky’s ambitions were expansive, if quirky. He began publishing a glossy travel magazine.
He spent years investing in a business Airbnb calls Experiences, in which travellers can book tours, cooking classes, and other activities. He even hinted that Airbnb had considered creating an airline. This past September, Airbnb announced its intention to go public in 2020. (“We are prepared to go public, and we will be ready when the storm clears,” Chesky now says.)
Bookings crashed after China put Hubei province and its capital, Wuhan, where the virus originated, on lockdown. Then came Europe, where Airbnb generates roughly a quarter of its revenue. “You could put it on a plotted curve, and you could say, well, United States is Italy, just two weeks behind,” Chesky says. “You started getting this very visceral, ‘Wow, the world’s going to be different.’?”
In early March, Airbnb told its employees to work from home.
By the second week of April, coronavirus cases were still climbing steadily, and it had become clear the shutdown would last a lot longer than the more optimistic early predictions.
Chesky says he doesn't know if the company will return to profitability next year. Offering full refunds to all the guests who can't travel certainly has some thorny implications
The US hotel occupancy rate, normally 70 per cent at this time of year, had fallen to 21 per cent, a level at which it barely makes sense to stay open. Shares in Expedia Group, the online travel agency that owns the Airbnb competitor Vrbo, are down 39 per cent since March.
Airbnb has said its revenue could drop by 50 per cent this year, according to projections shared with prospective investors. Of course, it could be even worse. No one knows when the world will decide it’s safe to go on vacation again.
Chesky says he doesn’t know if the company will return to profitability next year and that everything is on the table. Offering full refunds to all the guests who can’t travel certainly has some thorny implications.
Airbnb had reservations worth more than $1 billion, or about €920 million, on its system when the social-distancing measures took effect, and, unlike hotels, which don’t charge a guest’s credit card until checkout and usually allow no-penalty cancellations up to 48 hours before check-in, home-sharing sites generally require customers to prepay for their lodgings.
David Kauffman, who took out a second mortgage to build a granny flat in the backyard of his San Diego home, lost $10,000, or about €9,200, when Airbnb implemented its new cancellation policy. From the company’s $250 million fund to pay back hosts, Kauffman says he expects to wind up with less than 15 per cent of what he stood to make. He’s thinking about leaving Airbnb.
This dynamic isn’t unique to Airbnb – big hotel chains also offload risk to hotel owners – but Airbnb hosts, unlike hotels, are often sole proprietors without credit lines or much capital. “A lot of hosts feel like they co-built their business with Airbnb,” says Benjamin Vail, whose company, Housepitality, manages about 60 short-term rental properties for third-party owners in Ohio. Yet the company has sent the message that it’s going to do “what’s best for Airbnb and for guests”.
Predicting the shape of a travel recovery is easier than pinning down the timing. Destinations that can be reached by car are a good bet to recover first, says Michael Bellisario, an analyst at the investment bank Robert W Baird & Co. Beach resorts seem like a better bet than the urban destinations where Airbnb tends to be strongest.
In a pattern likely to be repeated around the world, it could be years before Americans get comfortable with the idea of booking into a Times Square hotel to catch a couple of Broadway shows. Breakfast buffets (sadly) may be gone for ever.
Most industry analysts take it for granted that travel will bounce back, because that’s what has happened in the past. Chesky, like some others in the business, is wagering that the post- Covid-19 recovery will look a lot like the recovery from the last recession, with hard-up Americans more eager to list spare bedrooms, garage apartments and second homes, even if it means taking in an asymptomatic contagious traveller.
The plan, he says, is to focus on these part-time hosts and put less emphasis on the professional hosts who’ve been crucial to growth. He sees an expanding business offering longer-term rentals to city dwellers looking for a protracted retreat.
Chesky says many of those guests may keep renting out Airbnb rooms, even after the coronavirus outbreak subsides, as social-distancing efforts leave more people freed from their offices. “This is a giant experiment where people are realising they can work remote,” he says. “We think that’s a huge opportunity.”
Oddly enough, though I've not physically seen another human being in quite a long time, because of the crisis, you talk to people more. So everyone is kind of closer together
If that sounds speculative, it’s more fully realised than the new plan for Experiences, the money-losing business Chesky loves that centres on tours and cooking classes. To adapt to the stay-at-home era, Airbnb recently began offering virtual sessions for indoor activities such as meditating with sheep. (Price: $9, or just over €8, for a one-hour session. Think of it as a walking tour for the mind.)
Chesky says that once the worst is over, he’ll market in-person activities people can do in their own cities, on the theory that the world is going to need new forms of entertainment that don’t require packing into bars or cinemas.
Chesky argues that the sense of alienation that’s come with the pandemic could be the key to getting things going again. “Oddly enough, though I’ve not physically seen another human being in quite a long time, because of the crisis, you talk to people more,” he says. “So everyone is kind of closer together.”
The biggest risk to the company, and the toughest to plan for, will be the pandemic’s effect on people’s psyches. Even at its best, travel is inherently a little bit scary – it’s about leaving a comfort zone and generally requires close contact with a whole lot of other people. Some Airbnb hosts are already adding the phrase “thoroughly disinfected” to their listings.
“To the degree that travel is based on human-to-human contact, this pandemic has made travel irresponsible or even life-threatening,” says Luis Vargas, chief executive of Modern Adventure, a tour operator that caters to the millennial travellers whom Airbnb built its business on. “The paradox is that we’re all in this together while at the same time experiencing extreme xenophobia because our fellow man could be asymptomatic and have the disease.” – Bloomberg, with Olivia Carville
